Transport proteins, such as globular proteins, transport molecules across cell membranes through facilitated diffusion. Structural proteins help to give the cell support and shape.Ĭell membrane receptor proteins help cells communicate with their external environment through the use of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules. Cell membrane proteins have a number of different functions. Portions of these transmembrane proteins are exposed on both sides of the membrane. Integral membrane proteins are inserted into the membrane and most pass through the membrane. Peripheral membrane proteins are exterior to and connected to the membrane by interactions with other proteins. The cell membrane contains two types of associated proteins. MAURIZIO DE ANGELIS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images Lipoproteins and PCSK9 bound to receptors. Internal organelles are also encased by membranes. Animal cells, plant cells, prokaryotic cells, and fungal cells have plasma membranes. In exocytosis, vesicles containing lipids and proteins fuse with the cell membrane increasing cell size. In endocytosis, lipids and proteins are removed from the cell membrane as substances are internalized.

The nucleus and mitochondria are two examples.Īnother function of the membrane is to regulate cell growth through the balance of endocytosis and exocytosis. Similar to the cell membrane, some cell organelles are surrounded by membranes.They spontaneously arrange to form a lipid bilayer that is semi-permeable such that only certain substances can diffuse through the membrane to the cell's interior. Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes.The exact mix or ratio of proteins and lipids can vary depending on the function of a specific cell. Proteins and lipids are the major components of the cell membrane.It protects the integrity of the cell along with supporting the cell and helping to maintain the cell's shape. The cell membrane is a multifaceted membrane that envelopes a cell's cytoplasm.This study demonstrates that SERS technology based on Au-wrapped nanorod arrays, in conjunction with deep learning algorithms, can promptly and accurately differentiate normal cells from tumor cells, thereby offering an effective approach to enhance the sensitivity of urine cytology tests. Additionally, an attention heatmap was generated to highlight the wavenumber range that contributed the most in the SERS spectra, aiding in discriminating various cell species. Among these, the classification network system integrating spatial attention mechanism with DenseNet exhibited the highest classification performance, yielding an accuracy rate of nearly 99%. Five machine learning algorithms were implemented for cell type differentiation and prediction. Notably, a remarkably high spectral resemblance was observed among the three distinct types of urologic tumor cells. In this investigation, SERS spectra of urologic tumor cells and blood cells were acquired using an ordered substrate comprising Au-wrapped nanorod arrays. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), coupled with suitable machine learning algorithms, holds significant potential for rapid, sensitive, label-free, and non-destructive detection and identification of tumor cells. Enhancing the accurate identification of various urologic tumor cells and blood cells is crucial to improve the sensitivity of urine cytology. Urine cytology represents a non-invasive method frequently employed for urologic tumor detection. In clinical practice, the primary objective of tumor detection is to acquire comprehensive diagnostic information while minimizing invasiveness and reducing patient discomfort.

Cell diagram labeled